A review of laser printer classification and identification.
Journal:
Forensic science international
Published Date:
May 1, 2025
Abstract
Forensic document examination has long focused on elucidating the classification and identification paradigms of laser-printed documents. Toner establishes critical evidentiary linkages between printed documents and their corresponding printing devices, making toner analysis a significant part of document examination. This systematic review synthesizes contemporary advances in laser printer forensics through tripartite analytical dimensions: morphological analysis, physical characterization, and chemical profiling. The emerging paradigm demonstrates heightened adoption of quasi-nondestructive and nondestructive testing methodologies to maintain evidentiary integrity, concurrently with the integration of chemometric workflows and machine learning architectures to address operational demands for rapid, high-fidelity analysis. Our methodological framework facilitates comparative evaluation of analytical techniques' merits and limitations, supported by bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed studies (2018-2024) that reveals emergent trends. Crucially, we identify a critical research gap in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) frameworks for forensic algorithm validation, underscoring the imperative for interpretable computational models in judicial contexts.
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