Exploring community knowledge, perceptions, and the impacts of anthrax among farming communities living in game management areas in Zambia: A qualitative study using a hybrid approach.

Journal: PLoS neglected tropical diseases
Published Date:

Abstract

Anthrax remains a neglected zoonotic disease of critical public and animal health significance in Zambia, particularly in regions with active human-wildlife-livestock interfaces such as the Western, Southern and Eastern provinces of Zambia. This study explores the socio-ecological drivers of anthrax transmission and examines the role of legal and illegal wildlife trade value chains in sustaining outbreaks. Secondly, the study explores the methodology used to investigate community knowledge, perceptions, and the impacts of anthrax through focus group discussions (FGDs) and a hybrid approach combining traditional thematic analysis with artificial intelligence (AI) tools. The research was framed within the interpretivist paradigm, aiming to understand shared experiences and socio-cultural contexts. The study utilized focus groups to encourage interaction and generate rich, collective insights. The hybrid approach allowed for data analysis that combined researcher-led reflexivity with AI-driven thematic analysis. Findings reveal diverse levels of awareness about anthrax, widespread misconceptions, and the influence of cultural beliefs on health behaviours. Communities linked anthrax outbreaks to interactions with wildlife and the illegal game meat trade, highlighting the complex interplay of ecological, economic, and behavioural factors in disease dynamics. Additionally, the study underscores the socioeconomic toll of anthrax, including livestock losses, disrupted livelihoods, and food insecurity, compounded by inadequate public health and veterinary responses. The insights gained from this research emphasize the need for multi-sectoral interventions tailored to the specific needs of these communities.

Authors

  • Chisoni Mumba
    Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Davies Phiri
    Department of Community Education and Lifelong Learning, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Exillia Kabbudula
    Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Laila Gondwe
    Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Noanga Mebelo
    Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Gubula Simweene
    Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Mutinta N Hankolwe
    Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Kezzy Besa
    Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Suwilanji S Sichone
    Pangolin Protection, Wild Crime Prevention (WCP), Chilanga, Zambia.
  • Mwila Kayula
    Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Mainda Geoffrey
    Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Kivaria M Fredrick
    Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Charles Bebay
    Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Soumare Baba
    Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.
  • Mtui-Malamsha N Jesse
    Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Suze P Filippini
    Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Lusaka, Zambia.
  • Chitwambi Makungu
    Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Lusaka, Zambia.

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