Breakthroughs and challenges of organoid models for assessing cancer immunotherapy: a cutting-edge tool for advancing personalised treatments.

Journal: Cell death discovery
Published Date: May 7, 2025

Abstract

Organoid models are powerful tools for evaluating cancer immunotherapy that provide a more accurate representation of the tumour microenvironment (TME) and immune responses than traditional models. This review focuses on the latest advancements in organoid technologies, including immune cell co-culture, 3D bioprinting, and microfluidic systems, which enhance the modelling of TME and facilitate the assessment of immune therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), CAR-T therapies, and oncolytic viruses. Although these models have great potential in personalised cancer treatment, challenges persist in immune cell diversity, long-term culture stability, and reproducibility. Future developments integrating artificial intelligence (AI), multi-omics, and high-throughput platforms are expected to improve the predictive power of organoid models and accelerate the clinical translation of immunotherapy.

Authors

  • Qian Wang
    Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
  • Fangwei Yuan
    Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lian Shui County People's Hospital, Huaian, 223400, Jiangsu, PR China.
  • Xianglin Zuo
    Biobank of Jiangsu Cancer Hospital (Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, PR China. zuoxianglin@njmu.edu.cn.
  • Ming Li
    Radiology Department, Huadong Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

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