Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)-Based Universal Vaccines: Engineering Broad-Spectrum Immunity Against Future Pandemics.
Journal:
Cureus
Published Date:
May 26, 2025
Abstract
The rapid emergence and evolution of infectious pathogens, including the COVID-19 pandemic and recurring influenza outbreaks, underscore the need for universal vaccines capable of providing broad-spectrum immunity. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccine technology has emerged as a transformative platform due to its rapid development, high immunogenicity, and adaptability to new variants. Unlike conventional vaccines, which rely on weakened or inactivated pathogens, mRNA vaccines instruct host cells to produce antigens that elicit robust immune responses. This paper explores the design principles, mechanisms of action, and advancements in mRNA-based universal vaccines, emphasizing their potential against influenza, coronaviruses, and antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. We discuss innovations such as self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA), nanoparticle-based delivery systems, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven antigen selection. Additionally, challenges such as antigenic variability, immune evasion, stability issues, and global distribution barriers are addressed. With continued research and development, mRNA-based universal vaccines could play a critical role in pandemic preparedness and global health security.
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