The impact of the large language model ChatGPT in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a systematic review.

Journal: The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery
Published Date: Mar 24, 2025

Abstract

This systematic review evaluates the impact of the large language model (LLM) ChatGPT in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Following PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024625882), the study involved a comprehensive search across PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Science Direct. Inclusion criteria focused on ChatGPT's use in clinical decision-making, surgical planning, patient education, and research. Ten studies were reviewed, assessing ChatGPT's performance in diagnostic accuracy, surgical efficiency, and patient satisfaction. GPT-4 achieved the highest accuracy (76.8%) in multiple-choice questions but showed variability, with lower performance in pharmacology and complex clinical scenarios. It excelled in generating informed consent documents, outperforming other AI models and human residents in accuracy, completeness, and readability. It also provided accurate and supportive responses in postoperative follow up. However, limitations were noted in handling complex clinical decisions and providing personalised advice for cases such as oral cancer and orthognathic surgery. While ChatGPT shows potential in improving patient communication, reducing healthcare workloads, and providing up-to-date information, its current limitations in accuracy and personalisation underscore the need for human supervision and integration with clinical databases. AI tools like ChatGPT can complement, but should not replace, human judgment in specialised fields such as oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Authors

  • Lucas Mariz de Menezes Torres
    Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
  • Everton Freitas de Morais
    Department of Oral Diagnosis, and Graduate Program in Oral Biology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: evertonfreitas2@hotmail.com.
  • Dennys Ramon de Melo Fernandes Almeida
    School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
  • Luís Eduardo Charles Pagotto
    Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Hospital Sírio-Libanes, São Paulo, Brazil.
  • Thiago de Santana Santos
    Institute Maxillofacial Education, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.

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