Genetically encoded sensors illuminate detection for neurotransmission: Development, application, and optimization strategies.

Journal: IBRO neuroscience reports
Published Date: Mar 13, 2025

Abstract

Limitations in existing tools have hindered neuroscientists from achieving a deeper understanding of complex behaviors and diseases. The recent development and optimization of genetically encoded sensors offer a powerful solution for investigating intricate dynamics such as calcium influx, membrane potential, and the release of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. In contrast, traditional methods are constrained by insufficient spatial and/or temporal resolution, low sensitivity, and stringent application conditions. Genetically encoded sensors have gained widespread popularity due to their advantageous features, which stem from their genetic encoding and optical imaging capabilities. These include broad applicability, tissue specificity, and non-invasive operation. When combined with advanced microscopic techniques, optogenetics, and machine learning approaches, these sensors have become versatile tools for studying neuronal circuits in intact living systems, providing millisecond-scale temporal resolution and spatial resolution ranging from nanometers to micrometers. In this review, we highlight the advantages of genetically encoded sensors over traditional methods in the study of neurotransmission. We also discuss their recent advancements, diverse applications, and optimization strategies.

Authors

  • Xiaoyu Zhong
    Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
  • Hengyu Gu
    Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
  • Juyao Lim
    Malaysian Medics International-Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh, Malaysia.
  • Peng Zhang
    Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China.
  • Guangfu Wang
    HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
  • Kun Zhang
    Philosophy Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
  • Xiaowan Li
    Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.

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