Bleeding risk assessment tools in patients with atrial fibrillation taking anticoagulants: a comparative review and clinical implications.

Journal: Expert review of cardiovascular therapy
Published Date: Jul 8, 2025

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Bleeding risk assessment plays a critical role in the anticoagulation management for atrial fibrillation (AF), to balance stroke prevention with risk of major hemorrhage. Traditional bleeding risk models, such as HAS-BLED, ORBIT, and ATRIA, offer valuable insights but have limitations in predictive accuracy and clinical applicability. Recent advances in risk stratification have introduced novel models integrating biomarkers, genetic data, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven algorithms to improve precision and individualized patient care.

Authors

  • Chia Siang Kow
    School of Pharmacy, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Feng Chen
    Department of Integrated Care Management Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
  • Shawn Leong Kai Jie
    School of Pharmacy, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Shawn Kai Jie Leong
    School of Pharmacy, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Kai Yuan Tham
    School of Pharmacy, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Li Ann Yeoh
    School of Pharmacy, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Ze Ming Chew
    School of Pharmacy, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Wen Jie Peh
    School of Pharmacy, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Kaeshaelya Thiruchelvam
    School of Pharmacy, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

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