Currently Available Large Language Models Are Moderately Effective in Improving Readability of English and Spanish Patient Education Materials in Pediatric Orthopaedics.

Journal: The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Published Date: Jun 24, 2025

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Patient education materials (PEMs) consistently exceed the recommended sixth-grade reading level. Poor health literacy and limited English proficiency, particularly in more than 40 million Spanish speakers, is associated with adverse patient outcomes. The use case of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve readability has rarely been validated in Spanish PEMs or in pediatric orthopaedic PEMs. This study aimed to (1) assess the availability and readability of English and Spanish pediatric orthopaedic PEMs and (2) compare the efficacy of ChatGPT-4.0 and Google Gemini to improve readability.

Authors

  • Patrick P Nian
    From the Hospital for Special Surgery (Nian, Williams, Senthilnathan, Marsh, Jones, Palandjian, Heyer, Doyle), New York City, NY.
  • Christopher J Williams
    Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
  • Ithika S Senthilnathan
  • Isabella G Marsh
  • Ruth H Jones
  • Pari L Palandjian
  • Jessica H Heyer
  • Shevaun M Doyle
    Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA.

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