A mixed methods formative evaluation of the United Kingdom National Health Service Artificial Intelligence Lab.

Journal: NPJ digital medicine
Published Date: Jul 17, 2025

Abstract

Internationally, health systems are investing in Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve safety, quality, and efficiency, yet many efforts remain localised and do not progress beyond early development stages. In 2019, National Health Service (NHS) England and the Department of Health and Social Care launched the AI Lab to accelerate safe AI adoption. We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation of the AI Lab, analysing 1021 documents and 85 stakeholder interviews. The AI Lab made important contributions to national AI policy, regulation, and capability building, and positioned the United Kingdom as a global leader in AI deployment for health. Despite progress, implementation and scaling were hindered by shifting objectives, limited capacity, and systemic misalignment with service needs. Some AI technologies demonstrated high return on investment and improved clinical processes. Lessons from the AI Lab highlight critical socio-organisational factors, gaps in scaling support, and the need for sustained coordination to realise the long-term benefits of AI in health and social care systems.

Authors

  • Kathrin Cresswell
    Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
  • Robin Williams
    Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
  • Sheena Dungey
    NHS Arden GEM Commissioning Support Unit, Warwick, UK.
  • Stuart Anderson
    School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
  • Miguel O Bernabeu
    Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.
  • Hajar Mozaffar
    The University of Edinburgh, UK.
  • Xiao Yang
    Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
  • Varun Sai
    Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
  • Sara Bea
    Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
  • Sally Eason
    NHS Arden GEM Commissioning Support Unit, Warwick, UK.

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