Fetal neurobehavior and consciousness: a systematic review of 4D ultrasound evidence and ethical challenges.
Journal:
Journal of perinatal medicine
Published Date:
Jul 23, 2025
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Recent advancements in four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography have enabled detailed observation of fetal behavior , including facial movements, limb gestures, and stimulus responses. These developments have prompted renewed inquiry into whether such behaviors are merely reflexive or represent early signs of integrated neural function. However, the relationship between fetal movement patterns and conscious awareness remains scientifically uncertain and ethically contested.
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