Fetal neurobehavior and consciousness: a systematic review of 4D ultrasound evidence and ethical challenges.

Journal: Journal of perinatal medicine
Published Date:

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Recent advancements in four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography have enabled detailed observation of fetal behavior , including facial movements, limb gestures, and stimulus responses. These developments have prompted renewed inquiry into whether such behaviors are merely reflexive or represent early signs of integrated neural function. However, the relationship between fetal movement patterns and conscious awareness remains scientifically uncertain and ethically contested.

Authors

  • Mochammad Besari Adi Pramono
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia.
  • Wiku Andonotopo
    Fetomaternal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ekahospital BSD City, Serpong, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia.
  • Muhammad Adrianes Bachnas
    Fetomaternal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, Moewardi Hospital, Solo, Surakarta, Indonesia.
  • Julian Dewantiningrum
    Fetomaternal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia.
  • I Nyoman Hariyasa Sanjaya
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Udayana, Prof. dr. I.G.N.G Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
  • Sri Sulistyowati
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Sebelas Maret University, Sebelas Maret University Hospital, Solo, Indonesia.
  • Milan Stanojevic
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Zagreb, Croatia.
  • Asim Kurjak
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.

Keywords

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