From exencephaly to anencephaly: a catastrophic continuum of neural tube defects from embryogenesis to ultrasonographic diagnosis.

Journal: Journal of perinatal medicine
Published Date: Aug 5, 2025

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital anomalies arising from incomplete closure of the neural tube during early embryogenesis. Among cranial NTDs, exencephaly, acrania, and anencephaly represent a progressive developmental continuum, leading to major cerebral destruction and absence of cranial structures.

Authors

  • Wiku Andonotopo
    Fetomaternal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ekahospital BSD City, Serpong, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia.
  • Muhammad Adrianes Bachnas
    Fetomaternal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, Moewardi Hospital, Solo, Surakarta, Indonesia.
  • Julian Dewantiningrum
    Fetomaternal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia.
  • Mochammad Besari Adi Pramono
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia.
  • Sri Sulistyowati
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Sebelas Maret University, Sebelas Maret University Hospital, Solo, Indonesia.
  • Milan Stanojevic
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Zagreb, Croatia.
  • Asim Kurjak
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.

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