Tumoroid-derived extracellular vesicles for prognosis and therapeutics: A valuable tool in precision medicine.

Precision medicine has transformed healthcare by tailoring treatment plans to an individual's genetic profile, in contrast to standardized therapies. Patient-derived tumoroids facilitate cancer research, while extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide insights into disease states. EVs from tumoroids serve as diagnostic tools for cancer, reflecting gene mutations and enabling minimally invasive tracking of disease progression. Artificial Intelligence (AI) enhances precision medicine by analyzing extensive datasets derived from tumors and EVs, thereby advancing cancer detection and therapy. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in tumor development and is studied using patient-derived organoids (PDOs), which accurately recapitulate tissue function and support drug screening and personalized treatment strategies. Integrating precision medicine with AI-driven analysis of tumoroids and EVs holds the potential to improve patient outcomes and quality of life through personalized treatment approaches.