Strategies for enhancing protein solubility: methods, applications, and prospects.

Controlling protein solubility is critical yet challenging for food and pharmaceutical applications. This review dissects the molecular and environmental determinants governing solubility behavior. It integrates traditional modification strategies with emerging artificial intelligence-driven approaches, emphasizing the transition from empirical trial-and-error to data-driven rational design. This work provides a systematic framework to advance protein engineering solutions across diverse industrial sectors.