Ethical dilemmas in the use of artificial intelligence in transfusion medicine.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are beginning to enhance key workflows across blood banking (BB) and transfusion medicine (TM), including donor engagement, inventory forecasting, immunohaematology interpretation, haemovigilance and clinical decision support. These tools can extract signals from large, diverse datasets to improve efficiency, consistency and timeliness of care while enabling more proactive patient blood management. At the same time, TM is uniquely sensitive to safety and trust, so the field must pair innovation with disciplined validation and governance. This review surveys emerging applications and distils a balanced ethics and oversight framework tailored to TM and BB practice. Core elements include outcome-focused validation and continuous monitoring; targeted fairness testing where biological or scientific plausibility suggests subgroup differences; layered transparency that distinguishes transparency, interpretability and explainability; and privacy by design with proportionate consent. We emphasize human oversight at every step: clinicians and laboratorians evaluate, monitor and troubleshoot models, perform tasks AI cannot, integrate multiple inputs to make decisions and interact with AI through guardrails such as intended-use statements, confidence thresholds and clear override pathways. Accountability is shared across users, service directors, institutions and regulators. When implemented with these safeguards, AI can reduce preventable errors, improve resource allocation and support more equitable access to safe transfusion. The goal is principled pragmatism that protects patients and donors while enabling timely adoption of well-validated tools.