Laboratory-based additive modifications in glass ionomer cements: A scoping review using a systematic data mining and trend analysis framework (2015-2024).

Journal: Journal of dentistry
Published Date: Jan 9, 2026

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aimed at identifying laboratory-based additive modifications in commercial glass ionomer cements (GICs), analyzing trends between additives and properties improved, and highlighting research gaps relevant to clinical performance using an expert-guided informatics framework (EGIF), a human-in-the-loop approach grounded in materials informatics (MI). DATA/SOURCES: Reporting followed the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. PubMed and ScienceDirect were screened from 01 January 2015 to 31 December 2024. Additional relevant articles were identified through reference mining. STUDY SELECTION/RESULTS: A total of 1,222 articles were screened, and 79 unique records selected and further analyzed. Additives to GICs were categorized into nine classes according to MeSH classification. Based on the final selected articles, trends were analyzed regarding the GIC base materials used in experiments, the types of additives incorporated, and the properties improved. Research on GIC modification has been steadily increasing, with Fuji™ Ⅸ GP and Fuji™ Ⅱ LC being the most frequently used base materials. Recent studies have primarily focused on improving physicochemical properties while maintaining or even enhancing bioactivity. CONCLUSIONS: EGIF based on these data suggests that the incorporation of nano-sized metals or bioactive glass or glass fiber may compensate for the limitations of commercially available GICs and enhance their bioactivity. Furthermore, AI-assisted approaches are expected to facilitate the prediction of the optimal additive and their ratios. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This review provides an evidence-based map of additive strategies for GIC modification. As it synthesizes only in vitro findings, the results may guide rational development of next-generation GICs but do not directly reflect clinical outcomes.

Authors

  • Kenta Tsuchiya
    Department of Restorative Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Departamento de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • Sharanbir K Sidhu
    Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • Salvatore Sauro
    Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Departamento de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • Jukka P Matinlinna
    Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Biomaterials Science, Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • Hidehiko Sano
    Department of Restorative Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • Monica Yamauti
    Department of Restorative Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Biomedical and Applied Science, Indiana University School of Dentistry, IN, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • Shuhei Hoshika
    Department of Restorative Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • James Kit Hon Tsoi
    Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • Atsushi Tomokiyo
    Department of Restorative Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Electronic address: [email protected].

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