Recent advances in graphene-based biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics.

This review presents the recent advances and innovations in graphene-based biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics. Graphene provides high electron mobility. It has a large surface area and strong biocompatibility. These features support sensitive and rapid detection. Graphene field-effect transistors enable label-free real-time monitoring. They represent a major innovation for fast clinical decisions. Laser-induced graphene and reduced graphene oxide have opened new routes for low-cost flexible and wearable sensors. These sensors allow continuous health monitoring. Microneedle patches, multiplexed electrodes and bio-LIG devices mark important steps toward non-invasive and portable diagnostics. Integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning is another breakthrough. It enables optimization of sensitivity, thermal and electrical conductivity and adaptive performance. These innovations demonstrate the potential of graphene-based biosensors to transform disease detection in cancer, infections and metabolic disorders. Remaining challenges include improving long-term stability. They also include ensuring reproducibility and achieving regulatory approval. The rapid progress indicates strong potential for clinical translation.