Utilization of biocatalysts in an artificial photosynthesis system: A biotechnological approach towards sustainable development.

Harnessing solar energy more efficiently and sustainably remains a key challenge in advancing renewable, bio-based production systems. Artificial photosynthesis tends to mimic natural photosynthesis by using catalytic systems and semiconductor assemblies to capture light and convert H2O and CO2 into energy-rich fuels such as H2 or hydrocarbons, whereas biophotovoltaics utilize living organisms or biological components (such as photosystems, chloroplasts, microalgae, or bacteria) integrated with electrodes for solar-to-electrical conversion. The review paper provides novel insights into exploring the integration of artificial photosynthesis and biophotovoltaics, discussing how their amalgamation can enhance and solidify solar-to-chemical and solar-to-electrical energy conversion. It emphasizes the crucial role of biocatalysts, such as microalgae, cyanobacteria, and bacteria, which can operate within these biohybrid systems. It also discusses the advanced strategies for enhancing biocatalyst efficiency, including genetic engineering, boosting carotenoid biosynthesis for better photoprotection and energy transfer, and integrating machine learning and Internet of Things to optimize the performance of microorganisms. In addition, the potential applications of artificial photosynthesis systems and biophotovoltaics are outlined, including biorefineries, biohydrogen production, chemical synthesis, and sustainable biofuel and food production.