Synthesis and Application of 3D-Printed Materials in Electrocatalysis.

3D-printing, with advantages in high geometry freedom and easy handleability to construct designable materials, has become the emerging frontier in electrocatalyst preparation. Especially in the past five years, with the improvement of printing accuracy and processing procedures, a series of 3D-printed materials with specific pore structures and surface compositions have been used in electrocatalytic reactions, significantly enhancing the catalytic performance. It is the right time to summarize the major breakthroughs in 3D-printing and its application in electrocatalysis. Unlike previous reviews that narrowly focus on specific materials, this review offers a comprehensive and integrative perspective on the advantages and drawbacks of various 3D printing technologies, as well as their application in electrocatalysis from the perspective of mass transmission, electron transfer, surface modification, surface area and so on. Finally, the future development directions and challenges are proposed from the aspects of precision, multi-material printing and the combination with artificial intelligence.