From data to disposal: The role of GIS in modern solid waste management.

The escalating global solid waste crisis, with projections indicating that waste generation will reach 3.40 billion tons by 2050, necessitates innovative technological solutions to transform traditional waste management approaches. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have demonstrated exceptional potential as comprehensive decision-support tools for sustainable solid waste management across diverse urban and rural contexts. This systematic review synthesizes current knowledge on GIS applications throughout the waste management continuum, examining implementation strategies, technological innovations, and performance outcomes across multiple geographical regions. The research methodology encompasses an analysis of peer-reviewed literature focusing on integrating GIS in waste generation assessment, collection system optimization, transfer facility planning, disposal site selection, and environmental impact monitoring. Results indicate that GIS-based interventions consistently deliver superior performance to conventional management approaches, with documented improvements including a 27.78% reduction in collection distances, up to 42% savings in operational costs, and enhanced accuracy in environmental risk assessment. The technology demonstrates particular efficacy when combined with multi-criteria decision analysis frameworks, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of complex spatial relationships and stakeholder requirements. Advanced applications incorporating machine learning algorithms and remote sensing data have further expanded GIS capabilities, supporting predictive modeling, real-time monitoring, and adaptive management strategies. Integration challenges identified include data standardization requirements, limitations in technical capacity, and the need for institutional coordination. The findings underscore the critical role of GIS technology in advancing sustainable waste management practices, particularly in developing countries where resource optimization is essential for system viability and environmental protection.Implications: GIS technology offers transformative potential for sustainable solid waste management, with documented cost reductions of 8-76.8% and collection distance reductions of up to 27.78%. Policymakers, especially in developing countries, should prioritize GIS integration through capacity building, data standardization, and institutional coordination. Its proven support for circular economy principles, climate change mitigation, and formal-informal sector collaboration provides strong justification for embedding geospatial technologies in environmental regulations and urban planning, ultimately advancing sustainable development goals around waste management and urban sustainability.