Three-dimensional Printing and Surgical Planning for Complex Chest Wall Resections.

Three-dimensional printing is increasingly used in the planning and reconstruction of complex chest wall resections. This article examines its clinical applications across the surgical workflow, including preoperative modeling, simulation, intraoperative guides, and patient-specific implants. It outlines key printing technologies and materials, summarizes reported outcomes, and addresses practical, regulatory, and economic limitations. Emerging innovations, such as bioprinting, artificial intelligence, and augmented reality, are also discussed for their future impact.