Artificial intelligence and machine learning driven nanorobotics for targeted brain delivery: Redefining blood-brain barrier navigation.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a central role in preserving central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and its dysfunction is implicated in various neurological disorders and brain malignancies. To emulate the complex architecture and signaling environment of the BBB, researchers have developed advanced in vitro models incorporating three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, organoid technologies, and microfluidic platforms. These innovations have significantly expanded the scope of neuropharmacological research, particularly in understanding BBB transport mechanisms and enhancing drug delivery strategies. The following review highlights the integration of biomolecular tools and nanomaterial-based engineering approaches to facilitate the targeted delivery of theranostic agents across the BBB. Specifically, it discusses the emerging role of nanorobots and nanosystems in mediating cellular interactions that enable precise modulation and penetration of the barrier. Case studies addressing therapeutic applications in brain tumors and cognitive dysfunctions are also evaluated. Moreover, the review explores the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and robotics, which together offer transformative potential in designing intelligent nanorobots capable of efficient and safe BBB traversal. Collectively, this work serves as a consolidated resource for clinicians, biomedical scientists, and technologists aiming to develop innovative strategies for BBB-targeted therapies and biopharmaceutical applications.