Revisiting Rogers' Paradox in the context of human-AI interaction.

People learn about the world in many ways: from conducting experiments to copying others' behaviour. The choices we make about how to learn can impact the collective understanding of a whole population, were others to learn from us. Alan Rogers developed simulations to study these phenomena-where agents could individually or socially learn amidst a dynamic, uncertain world-and uncovered a surprising result: the availability of cheap social learning yielded no benefit to population fitness over individual learning. Rogers' Paradox spawned decades of work to understand factors that favour social learning and better model human cultural development. But what happens when humans can learn from artificial intelligence (AI) systems that are themselves learning from us? We revisit Rogers' Paradox in the context of human-AI interaction and extend the simulations towards a simplified network of humans and AIs learning together about an uncertain world. We examine the impact of several learning strategies on the equilibrium of a society's 'collective world model' and assess levers available to stakeholders in human-AI interactions to change network dynamics. We then model negative feedback loops that may arise from humans learning socially from AI, and consider other open questions that could be explored in our simulation framework. This article is part of the theme issue 'World models in natural and artificial intelligence'.