Manganese-based cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries: a mini review.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have emerged as a highly promising energy storage technology due to their inherent safety, environmental friendliness, and high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, challenges in the development of cathode materials have hindered their commercialization. In the context of a multitude of candidate materials, manganese-based cathodes are distinguished by their elevated operating voltage, competitive capacity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. Nevertheless, issues pertaining to structural instability, low ionic conductivity, and manganese leaching limit their practical application. This paper reviews the latest research progress in manganese-based cathode materials, systematically elucidating the structural characteristics, energy storage mechanisms, challenges, and optimisation strategies of various manganese-based cathodes. Furthermore, it explores the potential of in situ characterization techniques and artificial intelligence (AI) in AZIBs and discusses their industrialization prospects by extending the scope from materials science to device engineering, system integration, and standardization.