Neuromodulation using Bioelectronics-enabled therapies to combat insulin resistance and its comorbidities.

INTRODUCTION: Insulin resistance is a complex metabolic disorder that involves multiple molecular pathways to disrupt insulin signaling and is associated with systemic complications. METHODOLOGY: We searched through the literature using databases such as PubMed and selected relevant published papers related to the topic of this review. RESULTS: We synthesized this review based on the relevant literature and found that neuromodulation can target neuroendocrine systems responsible for metabolic homeostasis to manage insulin resistance. This involves integrating neural circuit modulation into biological systems. We also found that neuromodulation, particularly vagus nerve stimulation, can reduce inflammation and combat insulin resistance and its associated comorbidities. However, with advancements in closed-loop systems and artificial intelligence, challenges persist in maximizing therapeutic effects, minimizing adverse events, and balancing ethical considerations. CONCLUSION: Neuromodulation offers novel treatment options for metabolic disorders. An enhanced understanding of neuro-metabolic reflex in insulin resistance is needed to develop more effective and safer neuromodulation therapy.