In situ mechanical characterization of functional and architected materials.

Recent advances in instrumentation have sparked a transformative journey in materials science, providing insights into the intricate relationship between processing, structure and properties. Among them, cutting-edge in situ micro- and nanoscale mechanical characterization methods, equipped with exceptional spatial and temporal resolution, such as instrumented electron microscopy, X-ray imaging and opto-acoustic techniques, have opened new frontiers in the study of emerging functional and architected materials, including low-dimensional materials, bio-inspired materials and three-dimensional architected metamaterials, underscoring the versatility of these innovative characterization techniques. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning offers promising opportunities to streamline high-throughput experimentation processes and enhance the efficiency and accuracy of characterization, and promote the design of next-generation materials. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest micro- and nanoscale mechanical characterization methods. We highlight their interdisciplinary applications to functional and architected materials in the pursuit of solutions for energy, sustainability, semiconductor technology and healthcare.