Nanocarrier-Based Gene Delivery Systems: Mechanisms, Clinical Translation, and Future Perspectives.

Gene therapy holds revolutionary potential for managing genetic disorders, cancers and infectious illnesses. However, one of the biggest challenges is delivering DNA or RNA into targeted cells and in the safe and effective way. In this review, nano carrier-based approaches for gene delivery are critically examined, focusing on both viral and non-viral systems. The advancement of CRISPR-Cas genome editing, machine learning-assisted nanocarrier optimization, and biologically inspired delivery systems is being quickly pushed forward in this area. In this review, a comparative analysis of gene delivery systems is being provided, and the key challenges to clinical translation are being pointed out. In addition, expert opinions on future research directions are being offered, with a heavy focus on the development of multifunctional, precisely targeted, and easily scalable delivery systems that can be integrated with next-generation therapeutic technologies.