Probiotics unveiled: bridging general health benefits to the era of precision medicine.

Probiotics have long been recognized for their broad interests in regulating the immune system and promoting gut health. Recently, they have become a key component in the growing field of precision medicine. This review thoroughly examines the transition of probiotics from general health enhancers to advanced, targeted therapies designed to address the unique characteristics of different microbiomes, genetic profiles, and individual health statuses. It emphasizes various mechanisms by which probiotics affect host physiology, including the regulation of immune responses, the modulation of metabolism, and the promotion of intestinal interactions. This review further explores the integration of psychobiology, next-generation probiotics (NGP), modified strains, artificial intelligence, and synthetic biology technologies to develop personalized probiotic therapies. By integrating recent advances with cutting-edge technologies, this review redefines probiotics as a crucial tool in personalized medicine, highlighting the need for innovation and collaboration to maximize their therapeutic potential.