The Future of Glaucoma: Data, Artificial Intelligence, and Precision Medicine for Patient-Centered Care.

PURPOSE: To summarize the main topics discussed during the 29th Annual Optic Nerve Rescue and Restoration Think Tank Meeting "The Future of Glaucoma: Harnessing Data, AI, and Precision Medicine for Patient-centered Care" held in New York on June 20th and 21st, 2025. METHODS: The main findings from presentations on data integration and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to advance understanding of primary open angle glaucoma pathogenesis and improve disease diagnosis and management are summarized. RESULTS: The researchers discussed the importance of data integration for AI development, highlighting specific challenges in glaucoma, including data standardization and sharing, and the initiatives of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Eye Institute (NEI) in this context. Specific examples of AI tools used to advance knowledge of glaucoma pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management are presented. CONCLUSIONS: AI is improving the understanding of glaucoma and enhancing its diagnosis and management. The NEI and NIH are spearheading several initiatives in AI, Ophthalmology, and Glaucoma; yet, glaucoma as a disease entity remains without a unified definition. There is also a need to measure critical glaucoma endophenotypes with devices that possess uniform standards. For imaging devices, interoperability across platforms and unfettered access to data could improve patient care and advance our understanding of glaucoma. With its rich data resources, the glaucoma community is uniquely positioned to lead a cultural shift, enabling larger data sets, stronger collaboration, and future studies that will help translate AI advances into clinical care.