Between Humans and Machines: The Impact of Robot Adoption on Workers' Health in China.

OBJECTIVE: To examine how robot adoption affects workers' health in China. METHODS: Using China family panel studies data matched with regional robot penetration measures, we estimate health effects with regression models and explore heterogeneity and mechanisms. RESULTS: Robot adoption significantly reduces perceived, diagnosed, and mental health issues among manufacturing workers. In contrast, effects in nonmanufacturing sectors differ. Health impacts vary across worker groups, reflecting heterogeneous exposure and labor-market adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Robot adoption may generate adverse health effects through labor displacement and reduced bargaining power. Strengthening social protection and skill training is essential to mitigate health risks associated with technological change.