Toward Robust AI-Assisted Dietary Assessment for Diabetes Self-Management: Quantifying and Decomposing Large Language Model Prediction Variability From Meal Images.

Nutrient estimation from meal images by multimodal large language models can support diabetes self-management, but its robustness is limited by variability driven by both sensitivity to visual presentation and inherent model instability. Accounting for and mitigating this variability is essential for robust AI-assisted dietary assessment.