A new particle swarm optimization-enhanced deep neural network for automatic ECG arrhythmias classification.

This study proposes an ECG classification system using particle swarm optimization (PSO) for automated deep neural network hyperparameter tuning. PSO optimizes five key parameters: neuron counts in two fully connected layers, dropout rate, learning rate, and optimizer selection. ECG signals undergo wavelet decomposition for feature extraction, with classification performed on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database across five heartbeat classes. The PSO-optimized model achieves superior performance with 99.76% accuracy, 99.34% precision, and 99.21% F1 score, demonstrating PSO's effectiveness in improving model reliability while reducing manual effort.