Animal Models for Interventional Oncology Research: Overview and Considerations in the Era of New Approach Methodologies.

While translational animal models play a meaningful role in interventional oncology (IO) research, recent attention has focused on new approach methodologies (NAMs) prioritizing human biology-based paradigms. In this narrative review, animal models used in IO research, spanning mouse, rat, woodchuck, rabbit, pig, dog, and non-human primate platforms, are presented. In addition, "next generation" animal models, such as humanized models, genetically defined models, and comorbidity models, are summarized. Subsequently, NAM concepts, including organoids, organ-on-a-chip systems, ex vivo organ preparations, and artificial intelligence and in silico modeling tools, and their potential for advancing IO research, are described. Finally, the complementary value of preclinical models in the NAMs era and model selection are considered.