Artificial Intelligence for Diagnostic Decision-Making in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied in oral and maxillofacial surgery; however, its primary clinical value lies in supporting decision-making rather than replacing clinicians. Surgeons must integrate diverse sources of information, including imaging, pathology, and systemic conditions, which can increase cognitive workload and contribute to diagnostic variability. This review summarizes the current role of AI-based clinical decision support by organizing its applications into 3 cognitive stages: detection, diagnostic interpretation, and risk prediction. AI systems can assist in identifying abnormalities, suggesting differential diagnoses, and estimating the probability of postoperative complications or disease progression.