Super-stable mineralization materials for long-term remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil: Triple criteria, research progress and design of materials.

The remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil is a common challenge faced worldwide. Solidification/stabilization technology has been widely applied. In particular, the concept of super-stable mineralization proposed in recent years offers a promising approach for the long-term and stable remediation of soil heavy metal contamination. A large number of studies on super-stable mineralization (SSM) materials have been reported. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive evaluation system for super-stable mineralization. Combined with the research frontiers and achievements in related fields through a multidisciplinary approach, this paper proposes a triple evaluation framework for SSM based on reaction stability, structural stability, and environmental stability. At the same time, CatBoost machine learning model is used to preliminarily assess the proposed framework. The research status, super-stable mineralization ability and application prospects of hydroxyapatite, silicates, metal oxides, and layered double hydroxides (LDH) were systematically reviewed. Finally, the design strategies for super-stable mineralization materials are proposed. This review aims to provide insights for the future exploration of materials for long-term heavy metal fixation, and to promote the establishment of a unified standard for evaluating material performance in heavy metal stabilization.