From examinations to consultations: a physician-reviewed Japanese benchmark for large language models in traditional Kampo medicine
Journal:
medRxiv
Published Date:
Oct 11, 2026
Abstract
Objectives: Patients and clinicians increasingly ask large language models (LLMs) about Kampo, Japan's traditional medicine. Yet evaluations of LLMs have measured accuracy on examination questions, which ask what a model knows; a consultation asks whether it can apply that knowledge to the patient at hand. No benchmark had measured that. Materials and Methods: KampoBench comprises 74 consultation scenarios and 310 conversation-specific rubric criteria, following the design of HealthBench. Scenarios, criteria and reference answers were drafted by an LLM and revised by board-certified Kampo physicians. Ten current models from three vendors were evaluated. Because LLM graders are known to favor their own family, each response was graded by a model from each vendor. Results: The best model reached 74.8-86.3% across graders, the physician-revised reference answers 87.9-92.4%. Rankings were stable across graders (Spearman's rho 0.952-0.976), and the family-favoring deviation was 0.4 to 0.6 percentage points, below the bootstrap standard deviation of one measurement; grader leniency varied by 14.3 points. Models were most reliable on criteria about advising that care be sought (83.6%) and least reliable on those requiring a known crude-drug risk to be tied to the case (17.5%), though 79.2% of those responses named the drug. Discussion: The shortfall lay in applying knowledge to the case rather than in holding it - a distinction examination-format evaluations cannot make. Conclusion: Evaluation in traditional medicine should measure the judgments a consultation requires, not recall alone. Quoted alongside the grader that produced it, a KampoBench score is a usable measure of those judgments.
