The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Language Models on Critical Thinking in Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Learning among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Narrative Review.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) language models are increasingly used in higher education. Many students use them for learning, often without proper academic policies or guidelines. Nursing undergraduate curricula include both theoretical and practical aspects of learning, in which critical thinking is essential, especially for clinical decision-making. This review explores the effects of AI language models on the critical thinking skills of undergraduate nursing students. Sixty-seven articles published between 2020 and 2025 on AI in nursing, medicine, or higher education, and its impact on learning and cognition, were analyzed and synthesized. Findings revealed that AI language models offer benefits, limitations, and ethical concerns. Benefits include improved academic writing, rapid access to information, and support for self-directed learning. Limitations include overdependence, biased content, and reduced social learning. Ethical concerns include confidentiality and plagiarism. In nursing education, AI models affect critical thinking both positively and negatively, enhancing simulated clinical decision-making but potentially reducing independent analysis and interactions with real patients. Studies recommend developing guidelines, training, and balanced integration to maximize benefits while minimizing risks.