Effectiveness of Phytoactive Molecules on Transcriptional Expression, Biofilm Matrix, and Cell Wall Components of and Its Clinical Isolates.
Journal:
ACS omega
Published Date:
Sep 28, 2018
Abstract
Toxicity challenges by antifungal arsenals and emergence of multidrug resistance scenario has posed a serious threat to global community. To cope up with this alarming situation, phytoactive molecules are richest, safest, and most effective source of broad spectrum antimicrobial compounds. In the present investigation, six phytoactive molecules [cinnamaldehyde (CIN), epigallocatechin, vanillin, eugenol (EUG), furanone, and epigallocatechin gallate] were studied against and its clinical isolates. Among these, CIN and EUG which are active components of cinnamon and clove essential oils, respectively, exhibited maximum inhibition against planktonic growth of at a concentration of 64 and 128 μg mL, respectively. These two molecules effectively inhibited and eradicated approximately 80% biofilm of and its clinical isolates from biomaterials. CIN and EUG increased reactive oxygen species generation, cell lysis, and ergosterol content in plasma membrane and reduced virulence attributes (phospholipase and proteinase) as well as catalase activity of cells. Reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential with increased release of cytochrome from mitochondria to cytosol indicated initiation of early apoptosis in CIN- and EUG-treated cells. Transcriptional analysis showed that multidrug transporter () and ergosterol biosynthesis genes were downregulated in the presence of CIN, while getting upregulated in EUG-treated cells. Interestingly, genes such as 1,3-β-glucan synthase (), GPI-anchored protein (), and sterol importer () were downregulated upon treatment of CIN/EUG. These results provided molecular-level insights about the antifungal mechanism of CIN and EUG against including its resistant clinical isolate. The current data established that CIN and EUG can be potentially formulated in new antifungal strategies.
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