The Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Diagnose Stage 2 Type 1 Diabetes.

Journal: Journal of diabetes science and technology
Published Date:

Abstract

This consensus report evaluates the potential role of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in screening for stage 2 type 1 diabetes (T1D). CGM offers a minimally invasive alternative to venous blood testing for detecting dysglycemia, facilitating early identification of at-risk individuals for confirmatory blood testing. A panel of experts reviewed current evidence and addressed key questions regarding CGM's diagnostic accuracy and screening protocols. They concluded that while CGM cannot yet replace blood-based diagnostics, it holds promise as a screening tool that could lead to earlier, more effective intervention. Metrics such as time above range >140 mg/dL could indicate progression risk, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based modeling may enhance predictive capabilities. Further research is needed to establish CGM-based diagnostic criteria and refine screening strategies to improve T1D detection and intervention.

Authors

  • Julia K Mader
    Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
  • Jenise C Wong
    Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
  • Guido Freckmann
    Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
  • Jose Garcia-Tirado
    University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine, and Metabolism, Inselspital-University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
  • Irl B Hirsch
    School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
  • Suzanne Bennett Johnson
    Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
  • David Kerr
    1 Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
  • Sun H Kim
    Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
  • Rayhan Lal
    Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
  • Eslam Montaser
    Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
  • Holly O'Donnell
    Department of Pediatrics, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
  • Stefan Pleus
    Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
  • Viral N Shah
    Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
  • Alessandra T Ayers
    Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.
  • Cindy N Ho
    Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.
  • Torben Biester
    AUF DER BULT, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Hannover, Germany.
  • Klemen Dovc
    Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  • Farnoosh Farrokhi
    Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, Sutter East Bay Medical Group, Orinda, CA, USA.
  • Alexander Fleming
    Kinexum, Harpers Ferry, WV, USA.
  • Pieter Gillard
    Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
  • Lutz Heinemann
    Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.
  • Raquel López-Díez
    Breakthrough T1D (formerly JDRF International), New York, NY, USA.
  • David M Maahs
    Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
  • Chantal Mathieu
    Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
  • Zoe Quandt
    Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
  • Birgit Rami-Merhar
    Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
  • Wendy Wolf
    T1D Exchange, Boston, MA, USA.
  • David C Klonoff
    2 Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA.