Explainable artificial intelligence in skin cancer recognition: A systematic review.

Journal: European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)
Published Date: Apr 5, 2022

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Due to their ability to solve complex problems, deep neural networks (DNNs) are becoming increasingly popular in medical applications. However, decision-making by such algorithms is essentially a black-box process that renders it difficult for physicians to judge whether the decisions are reliable. The use of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is often suggested as a solution to this problem. We investigate how XAI is used for skin cancer detection: how is it used during the development of new DNNs? What kinds of visualisations are commonly used? Are there systematic evaluations of XAI with dermatologists or dermatopathologists?

Authors

  • Katja Hauser
    Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
  • Alexander Kurz
    Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
  • Sarah Haggenmüller
    Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
  • Roman C Maron
    National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
  • Christof von Kalle
    National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
  • Jochen S Utikal
    Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
  • Friedegund Meier
    Skin Cancer Center at the University Cancer Centre and National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
  • Sarah Hobelsberger
    Skin Cancer Center at the University Cancer Centre and National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.
  • Frank F Gellrich
    Skin Cancer Center at the University Cancer Centre and National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
  • Mildred Sergon
    Skin Cancer Center at the University Cancer Centre and National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
  • Axel Hauschild
    Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
  • Lars E French
    Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany.
  • Lucie Heinzerling
    Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany.
  • Justin G Schlager
    Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
  • Kamran Ghoreschi
    Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
  • Max Schlaak
    Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
  • Franz J Hilke
    Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
  • Gabriela Poch
    Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
  • Heinz Kutzner
    Dermatopathology Laboratory, Friedrichshafen, Germany.
  • Carola Berking
    Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
  • Markus V Heppt
    Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
  • Michael Erdmann
    Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen - EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Nuremberg, Germany.
  • Sebastian Haferkamp
    Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
  • Dirk Schadendorf
    Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
  • Wiebke Sondermann
    Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
  • Matthias Goebeler
    Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
  • Bastian Schilling
    Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
  • Jakob N Kather
    Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. jakob.kather@gmail.com.
  • Stefan Fröhling
    National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
  • Daniel B Lipka
    National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
  • Achim Hekler
    National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
  • Eva Krieghoff-Henning
    Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group (DBO), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
  • Titus J Brinker
    National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.

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