AI Medical Compendium Journal:
Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology

A 37-year-old male presented to the Emergency Department with acute worsening of back pain and new onset dyspnea. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed moderate left ventricular dysfunction and a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). In addition, he was not...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Preservative free tramadol has been used as an adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine. However, the effect of the addition of tramadol on intrathecal isobaric ropivacaine has never been studied.