Computer Vision in Monitoring Fruit Browning: Neural Networks vs. Stochastic Modelling.
Journal:
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
PMID:
40285171
Abstract
As human labour is limited and therefore expensive, computer vision has emerged as a solution with encouraging results for monitoring and sorting tasks in the agrifood sector, where conventional methods for inspecting fruit browning that are generally subjective, time-consuming, and costly. Thus, this study investigated the application of computer vision techniques and various RGB cameras in the detection and classification of enzymatic browning in cut pears, comparing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with stochastic modelling. More specifically, light is shed on the potential of CNN-based approaches for high-throughput and easily adapted applications and the potential of stochastic methods for precise, quantitative analyses. In particular, the developed CNN model was easily trained and achieved an accuracy of 96.6% and an F1-score greater than 0.96 during testing with real pear slices. On the other hand, stochastic modelling provided quantitative indices (i.e., the Browning Index (BI) and Yellowing Index (YI)) derived from the CIE Lab* colour model, thus offering accurate monitoring of enzymatic browning and related optical changes but it was less versatile as it required human expertise for implementation and tuning. Using both the BI and YI as input vectors in the NN Bayesian classifier increased the correct classification rate of control samples to 82.85% (4.6% increase) and to 89.81% (15% increase) for treated samples. Finally, a future need for a hybrid approach combining the strengths of both methods was identified, with improved robustness and practicality of image analysis systems in agricultural quality control to enable higher levels of automation in this area.