Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): closing the gap between image analysis and navigation in complex invasive diagnostic procedures.

Journal: World journal of urology
Published Date: Jan 27, 2022

Abstract

LITERATURE REVIEW: Cystoscopy is the gold standard for initial macroscopic assessments of the human urinary bladder to rule out (or diagnose) bladder cancer (BCa). Despite having guidelines, cystoscopic findings are diverse and often challenging to classify. The extent of the false negatives and false positives in cystoscopic diagnosis is currently unknown. We suspect that there is a certain degree of under-diagnosis (like the failure to detect malignant tumours) and over-diagnosis (e.g. sending the patient for unnecessary transurethral resection of bladder tumors with anesthesia) that put the patient at risk.

Authors

  • S O'Sullivan
    Department of Urology, University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Muenster, Germany. sosullivan810@gmail.com.
  • M Janssen
  • Andreas Holzinger
    Human-Centered AI Lab, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
  • Nathalie Nevejans
    Ethics and Procedures Center (CDEP), Faculty of Law of Douai, University of Artois, Arras, France.
  • O Eminaga
    Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
  • C P Meyer
    Urology Clinic, Ruhr‑University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
  • Arkadiusz Miernik
    Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg - Medical Centre, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.

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