Measuring the Level of Aflatoxin Infection in Pistachio Nuts by Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Hyperspectral Images.
Journal:
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
PMID:
40096410
Abstract
This paper investigates the use of machine learning techniques on hyperspectral images of pistachios to detect and classify different levels of aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by moulds, posing health risks to consumers. Current detection methods are invasive and contribute to food waste. This paper explores the feasibility of a non-invasive method using hyperspectral imaging and machine learning to classify aflatoxin levels accurately, potentially reducing waste and enhancing food safety. Hyperspectral imaging with machine learning has shown promise in food quality control. The paper evaluates models including Dimensionality Reduction with K-Means Clustering, Residual Networks (ResNets), Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), and Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGANs). Using a dataset from Leeds Beckett University with 300 hyperspectral images, covering three aflatoxin levels (<8 ppn, >160 ppn, and >300 ppn), key wavelengths were identified to indicate contamination presence. Dimensionality Reduction with K-Means achieved 84.38% accuracy, while a ResNet model using the 866.21 nm wavelength reached 96.67%. VAE and DCGAN models, though promising, were constrained by dataset size. The findings highlight the potential for machine learning-based hyperspectral imaging in pistachio quality control, and future research should focus on expanding datasets and refining models for industry application.