Large language models in radiology: fundamentals, applications, ethical considerations, risks, and future directions.

Journal: Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey)
Published Date: Oct 3, 2023

Abstract

With the advent of large language models (LLMs), the artificial intelligence revolution in medicine and radiology is now more tangible than ever. Every day, an increasingly large number of articles are published that utilize LLMs in radiology. To adopt and safely implement this new technology in the field, radiologists should be familiar with its key concepts, understand at least the technical basics, and be aware of the potential risks and ethical considerations that come with it. In this review article, the authors provide an overview of the LLMs that might be relevant to the radiology community and include a brief discussion of their short history, technical basics, ChatGPT, prompt engineering, potential applications in medicine and radiology, advantages, disadvantages and risks, ethical and regulatory considerations, and future directions.

Authors

  • Tugba Akinci D'Antonoli
    Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
  • Arnaldo Stanzione
    Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
  • Christian Bluethgen
    Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI), Stanford University, Sheffield, USA.
  • Federica Vernuccio
    Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica e di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (ProMISE), Università di Palermo.
  • Lorenzo Ugga
    Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
  • Michail E Klontzas
    Department of Medical Imaging, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, 70110, Greece; Advanced Hybrid Imaging Systems, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Electronic address: miklontzas@ics.forth.gr.
  • Renato Cuocolo
    Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.
  • Roberto Cannella
    Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata, Università di Palermo.
  • Burak Kocak
    Department of Radiology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. drburakkocak@gmail.com.

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