Separating Daily 1 km PM Inorganic Chemical Composition in China since 2000 via Deep Learning Integrating Ground, Satellite, and Model Data.

Journal: Environmental science & technology
PMID: 37114869

Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM) chemical composition has strong and diverse impacts on the planetary environment, climate, and health. These effects are still not well understood due to limited surface observations and uncertainties in chemical model simulations. We developed a four-dimensional spatiotemporal deep forest (4D-STDF) model to estimate daily PM chemical composition at a spatial resolution of 1 km in China since 2000 by integrating measurements of PM species from a high-density observation network, satellite PM retrievals, atmospheric reanalyses, and model simulations. Cross-validation results illustrate the reliability of sulfate (SO), nitrate (NO), ammonium (NH), and chloride (Cl) estimates, with high coefficients of determination (CV-R) with ground-based observations of 0.74, 0.75, 0.71, and 0.66, and average root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of 6.0, 6.6, 4.3, and 2.3 μg/m, respectively. The three components of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) account for 21% (SO), 20% (NO), and 14% (NH) of the total PM mass in eastern China; we observed significant reductions in the mass of inorganic components by 40-43% between 2013 and 2020, slowing down since 2018. Comparatively, the ratio of SIA to PM increased by 7% across eastern China except in Beijing and nearby areas, accelerating in recent years. SO has been the dominant SIA component in eastern China, although it was surpassed by NO in some areas, e.g., Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region since 2016. SIA, accounting for nearly half (∼46%) of the PM mass, drove the explosive formation of winter haze episodes in the North China Plain. A sharp decline in SIA concentrations and an increase in SIA-to-PM ratios during the COVID-19 lockdown were also revealed, reflecting the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity and formation of secondary particles.

Authors

  • Jing Wei
    School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
  • Zhanqing Li
    College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
  • Xi Chen
    Department of Critical care medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China.
  • Chi Li
    School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
  • Yele Sun
    State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
  • Jun Wang
    Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences and the Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
  • Alexei Lyapustin
    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
  • Guy Pierre Brasseur
    Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany.
  • Mengjiao Jiang
    Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany.
  • Lin Sun
    College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.
  • Tao Wang
    Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
  • Chang Hoon Jung
    Department of Health Management, Kyungin Women's University, Incheon 21041, Korea.
  • Bing Qiu
    Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China.
  • Cuilan Fang
    Jiulongpo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400039, China.
  • Xuhui Liu
    Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 3Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
  • Jinrui Hao
    Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030015, China.
  • Yan Wang
    College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
  • Ming Zhan
    Department of Radiology, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311201, China.
  • Xiaohong Song
    Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China.
  • Yuewei Liu
    Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.

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