Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse Phenotype: An Unsupervised Machine Learning Analysis Using a Multicenter Cardiac MRI Registry.

Journal: Radiology. Cardiothoracic imaging
PMID: 38900026

Abstract

Purpose To use unsupervised machine learning to identify phenotypic clusters with increased risk of arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Materials and Methods This retrospective study included patients with MVP without hemodynamically significant mitral regurgitation or left ventricular (LV) dysfunction undergoing late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac MRI between October 2007 and June 2020 in 15 European tertiary centers. The study end point was a composite of sustained ventricular tachycardia, (aborted) sudden cardiac death, or unexplained syncope. Unsupervised data-driven hierarchical -mean algorithm was utilized to identify phenotypic clusters. The association between clusters and the study end point was assessed by Cox proportional hazards model. Results A total of 474 patients (mean age, 47 years ± 16 [SD]; 244 female, 230 male) with two phenotypic clusters were identified. Patients in cluster 2 (199 of 474, 42%) had more severe mitral valve degeneration (ie, bileaflet MVP and leaflet displacement), left and right heart chamber remodeling, and myocardial fibrosis as assessed with LGE cardiac MRI than those in cluster 1. Demographic and clinical features (ie, symptoms, arrhythmias at Holter monitoring) had negligible contribution in differentiating the two clusters. Compared with cluster 1, the risk of developing the study end point over a median follow-up of 39 months was significantly higher in cluster 2 patients (hazard ratio: 3.79 [95% CI: 1.19, 12.12], = .02) after adjustment for LGE extent. Conclusion Among patients with MVP without significant mitral regurgitation or LV dysfunction, unsupervised machine learning enabled the identification of two phenotypic clusters with distinct arrhythmic outcomes based primarily on cardiac MRI features. These results encourage the use of in-depth imaging-based phenotyping for implementing arrhythmic risk prediction in MVP. MR Imaging, Cardiac, Cardiac MRI, Mitral Valve Prolapse, Cluster Analysis, Ventricular Arrhythmia, Sudden Cardiac Death, Unsupervised Machine Learning © RSNA, 2024.

Authors

  • Ralph Kwame Akyea
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Stefano Figliozzi
    From the Department of Radiology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
  • Pedro M Lopes
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Klemens B Bauer
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Sara Moura-Ferreira
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Lara Tondi
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Saima Mushtaq
    Centro Cardiologico Monzino Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care (IRCCS) Milan Italy.
  • Stefano Censi
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Anna Giulia Pavon
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Ilaria Bassi
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Laura Galian-Gay
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Arco J Teske
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Federico Biondi
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Domenico Filomena
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Vasileios Stylianidis
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Camilla Torlasco
    Cardiovascular Imaging Unit, Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Instituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS; Milan-Italy.
  • Denisa Muraru
    Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
  • Pierre Monney
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Giuseppina Quattrocchi
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Viviana Maestrini
    Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
  • Luciano Agati
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Lorenzo Monti
  • Patrizia Pedrotti
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Bert Vandenberk
  • Angelo Squeri
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Massimo Lombardi
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • António M Ferreira
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Juerg Schwitter
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Giovanni Donato Aquaro
    Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.
  • Gianluca Pontone
    Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
  • Amedeo Chiribiri
    School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK.
  • José F Rodríguez Palomares
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Ali Yilmaz
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Internal Medicine, Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA.
  • Daniele Andreini
    Division of Cardiology and Cardiac Imaging, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi - Sant'Ambrogio Milan, Italy.
  • Anca-Rezeda Florian
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Marco Francone
    Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, V.le Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
  • Tim Leiner
    Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.P.S.B., A.J.N., P.v.O., R.N.P.) and Cardiology (S.M.B.), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.J.M.W.); Department of Research and Development, Pie Medical Imaging BV, Maastricht, the Netherlands (J.P.A.); and Departments of Cardiology (G.P.B., S.A.J.C.) and Radiology (T.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
  • João Abecasis
    Cardiology Department, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Nova Medical School, Portugal. Electronic address: joaoabecasis@hotmail.com.
  • Luigi Paolo Badano
    From the Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Lifespan and Population Health Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (R.K.A.); IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy (S.F., L.M., M.F.); School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences-Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, England (S.F., V.S., A.C., G.G., P.G.M.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Lisbon, Portugal (P.M.L., A.M.F., J.A.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany (K.B.B., A.Y., A.R.F.); Department of Cardiology, Hartcentrum, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (S.M.F.); Multimodality Cardiac Imaging Section, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (L.T., M.L.); Department of Radiology, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (L.T.); Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (S.M., G.P.); GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy (S.C., A.S.); Center for Cardiac MR, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland (A.G.P., P.M., J.S.); Cardiologia-4, Dipartimento Cardio-toraco-vascolare A. De Gasperis, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (I.B., G.Q., P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain (L.G.G., J.F.R.P.); Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.J.T., T.L.); Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy (F.B., C.D.A.); Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (D.F., V.M., L.A.); Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy (C.T., D.M., L.P.B.); Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (D.M., L.P.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M., J.S.); Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (B.V., J.B.); Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (G.P.) and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Cardiovascular Section (D.A.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (G.G.).
  • Jan Bogaert
    Department of Imaging and Pathology, Division of Radiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
  • Georgios Georgiopoulos
    School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK.
  • Pier-Giorgio Masci
    School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, Rayne Institute, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing St Thomas Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.

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