For electroosmotic pumping, a large direct-current (DC) electric field (10+ V/cm) is applied across a liquid, typically an aqueous electrolyte. At these high voltages, water undergoes electrolysis to form hydrogen and oxygen, generating bubbles that ...
The nanopore is emerging as a means of single-molecule protein sensing. However, proteins demonstrate different charge properties, which complicates the design of a sensor that can achieve simultaneous sensing of differently charged proteins. In this...