Effect of pregnancy and infancy exposure to outdoor particulate matter (PM, PM, PM) and SO on childhood pneumonia in preschool children in Taiyuan City, China.

Journal: Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
Published Date: Apr 24, 2025

Abstract

There is currently a paucity of research on the effects of early life exposure to particulate matter (PM) of various size fractions on pneumonia in preschool-aged children. We explored the connections between antenatal and postnatal exposure to atmospheric pollutants and diagnosed pneumonia among 4814 offspring children in Taiyuan City, northern China. Outdoor air pollutant concentrations and ambient temperature were collected. A machine learning-based model was utilized to compute daily mean concentrations of PM, PM, and PM at the home address. Associations were calculated using generalized linear mixed models, and stratified analysis was used to detect sensitive subpopulations. We observed significant associations between prenatal exposure to atmospheric pollutants and the incidence of pneumonia in children. For every 10 μg/m increase, the odds ratios (ORs) were 1.06 for PM, 1.15 for PM, 1.24 for PM, and 1.05 for SO for the whole pregnancy period. In mid-pregnancy, the most vital connections were found for PM, PM, and PM exposure. Girls showed higher sensitivity to exposure to PM and PM. The most significant connections between PM and pneumonia were observed at high SO exposure. Connections between PM, PM and pneumonia were stronger in children without environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home. Associations between PM and pneumonia were stronger in children with ETS at home. The synthesis of the data suggests that exposure to PM, PM, PM, and SO during pregnancy contributes to an elevated susceptibility to childhood pneumonia. The second trimester period is significant and represents a critical window of vulnerability. PM may have the strongest impact. Exposure to SO can further enhance the PM related risks of pneumonia. Gender and ETS exposure at home can modify associations between outdoor PM and pneumonia. Further reductions in outdoor PM, especially PM, are needed to reduce childhood pneumonia in China.

Authors

  • Ying Wang
    Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China.
  • Liu Yang
    Department of Ultrasound, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China.
  • Jiyuan Shao
    Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
  • Huiyu Gao
    Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
  • Dan Norbäck
    Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
  • Yunquan Zhang
    The Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
  • Jing Wei
    School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
  • Ling Zhang
  • Xin Zhang
    First Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.

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