Comparing Multiple Imputation Methods to Address Missing Patient Demographics in Immunization Information Systems: Retrospective Cohort Study.

Journal: JMIR public health and surveillance
Published Date: Aug 26, 2025

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Immunization Information Systems (IIS) and surveillance data are essential for public health interventions and programming; however, missing data are often a challenge, potentially introducing bias and impacting the accuracy of vaccine coverage assessments, particularly in addressing disparities.

Authors

  • Sara Brown
    Scientific Services - Analytics, Scientific Technologies Corporation (United States), 411 S 1st St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, United States, 1 480-745-8500.
  • Ousswa Kudia
    Scientific Services - Analytics, Scientific Technologies Corporation (United States), 411 S 1st St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, United States, 1 480-745-8500.
  • Kaye Kleine
    Scientific Services - Analytics, Scientific Technologies Corporation (United States), 411 S 1st St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, United States, 1 480-745-8500.
  • Bryndan Kidd
    Immunization Services, West Virginia Department of Health and Human Services, Charleston, WV, United States.
  • Robert Wines
    Immunization Services, West Virginia Department of Health and Human Services, Charleston, WV, United States.
  • Nathanael Meckes
    Department of Exercise and Sport Science, School of Behavioral and Applied Sciences, Azuza Pacific University, Azuza, CA 91702, USA.

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