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Causality

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Deep neural networks with knockoff features identify nonlinear causal relations and estimate effect sizes in complex biological systems.

GigaScience
BACKGROUND: Learning the causal structure helps identify risk factors, disease mechanisms, and candidate therapeutics for complex diseases. However, although complex biological systems are characterized by nonlinear associations, existing bioinformat...

Learning end-to-end patient representations through self-supervised covariate balancing for causal treatment effect estimation.

Journal of biomedical informatics
A causal effect can be defined as a comparison of outcomes that result from two or more alternative actions, with only one of the action-outcome pairs actually being observed. In healthcare, the gold standard for causal effect measurements is randomi...

Well-being impact assessment of artificial intelligence - A search for causality and proposal for an open platform for well-being impact assessment of AI systems.

Evaluation and program planning
In recent years, the well-being impact assessment approach has been applied in the area of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Existing well-being frameworks and tools provide a relevant starting point. Taking into account its multidimensional nature, well...

Predicting molecular mechanisms of hereditary diseases by using their tissue-selective manifestation.

Molecular systems biology
How do aberrations in widely expressed genes lead to tissue-selective hereditary diseases? Previous attempts to answer this question were limited to testing a few candidate mechanisms. To answer this question at a larger scale, we developed "Tissue R...

Frameworks for estimating causal effects in observational settings: comparing confounder adjustment and instrumental variables.

BMC medical research methodology
To estimate causal effects, analysts performing observational studies in health settings utilize several strategies to mitigate bias due to confounding by indication. There are two broad classes of approaches for these purposes: use of confounders an...

Integrating Nearest Neighbors with Neural Network Models for Treatment Effect Estimation.

International journal of neural systems
Treatment effect estimation is of high-importance for both researchers and practitioners across many scientific and industrial domains. The abundance of observational data makes them increasingly used by researchers for the estimation of causal effec...

Estimation of separable direct and indirect effects in a continuous-time illness-death model.

Lifetime data analysis
In this article we study the effect of a baseline exposure on a terminal time-to-event outcome either directly or mediated by the illness state of a continuous-time illness-death process with baseline covariates. We propose a definition of the corres...

"Shortcuts" Causing Bias in Radiology Artificial Intelligence: Causes, Evaluation, and Mitigation.

Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR
Despite the expert-level performance of artificial intelligence (AI) models for various medical imaging tasks, real-world performance failures with disparate outputs for various subgroups limit the usefulness of AI in improving patients' lives. Many ...

Flexible Machine Learning Estimation of Conditional Average Treatment Effects: A Blessing and a Curse.

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)
Causal inference from observational data requires untestable identification assumptions. If these assumptions apply, machine learning methods can be used to study complex forms of causal effect heterogeneity. Recently, several machine learning method...

Causal inference and observational data.

BMC medical research methodology
Observational studies using causal inference frameworks can provide a feasible alternative to randomized controlled trials. Advances in statistics, machine learning, and access to big data facilitate unraveling complex causal relationships from obser...